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| c. 280 BC |
| | The Jewish community of Alexandria coins the word diaspora for Jews living far from Israel | |
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| c. 280 BC |
| | The Jews of Alexandria commission the Greek translation of the Old Testament which becomes known as the Septuagint | |
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| 168 BC |
| | Antiochus IV places a statue of Zeus above the altar of the Temple in Jerusalem, provoking violent reactions from the Jews | |
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| 165 BC |
| | The Jewish leader Judas the Maccabee captures Jerusalem and cleanses the Temple | |
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| 141 BC |
| | Simon the Maccabee is appointed high priest of the Temple in Jerusalem, with the position declared hereditary in his family | |
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| c. 140 BC |
| | The priestly Sadducees are confronted in the Sanhedrin by a new opposition party - the Pharisees | |
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| c. 100 BC |
| | The Essenes, a Jewish sect, withdraw from secular life to form monastic communities in the desert | |
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| 63 BC |
| | Pompey captures Jerusalem, bringing Judaea under Roman control | |
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| 37 BC |
| | Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine | |
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| 20 BC |
| | Herod the Great, king of Judaea, begins to build a spectacular new Temple for the Jews on the sacred mount in Jerusalem | |
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